About the Method: Response Item Networks (ResIN)

Within Response Item Networks, nodes represent responses to survey questions, and a link between two response nodes means that both responses tend to be held simultaneously within the studied population (i.e. a positive correlation). The higher the correlation between two response nodes, the closer they are placed to one another. The main axis of the network then shows which responses cluster together and which do not, without presupposing clusters, social groups etc. For more information about the method, software tools or the researchers behind it, see the following links.

Website: www.resinmethod.net

Published

  • Carpentras, D., Lüders, A. & Quayle, M. (2022). Mapping the global opinion space to explain anti-vaccine attraction. Scientific Reports, 12, 6188. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10069-3
  • Lüders, A., Carpentras, D., & Quayle, M. (2023). Attitude networks as intergroup realities: Using network-modelling to research attitude-identity relationships in polarized political contexts. British Journal of Social Psychology. doi:10.1111/bjso.12665
  • Carpentras, D., Lüders, A., & Quayle, M. (2024). Response Item Network (ResIN): A network-based approach to explore attitude systems. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-14. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03037-x
  • Chen, Y., Speer, A., De Bruin, B., Carpentras, D., & Warncke, P. (2025). A “broken egg” of US political beliefs: Using response-item networks (ResIN) to measure ideological polarization. Network Science, 13, e20. doi:10.1017/nws.2025.10016
  • Warncke, P., Chen, Y., Speer, A., de Bruin, B., Lüders, A., & Carpentras, D. (2026). ResIN: A new method to analyze socio-political attitude systems. In Computational Social Science of Social Cohesion and Polarization (pp. 105-129). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01373-6_5

Preprints and reports

  • Warncke, P., Carpentras, D., Lüders, A., & Quayle, M. (2026). Introducing ResIN: An applied tutorial to the Response-Item-Networks package for R. doi:10.7910/DVN/WQLSIP
  • Carpentras, D., Lüders, A., Warncke, P., & Morselli, D. (2026). Belief Network Theory: A conceptual framework for studying complex attitude-identity systems. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.35745.88169
  • Carpentras, D. (2021). Bridging networks with linear spaces to study attitudes and political polarization [ResIN on Twitter data]. Link
  • Carpentras, D. (2019). A method for estimating distance in opinion dynamics models using surveys data [“proto-ResIN”]. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.29644.77449
Made by: Bart de Bruin
Label scale
Min Neutral Max
  1. 2025, GLES (2026). GLES Cross-Section 2025, Post-Election (ZA10100; Version 4.0.0) [Data set]. GESIS, Cologne. https://doi.org/10.4232/5.ZA10100.4.0.0
  2. 2021, GLES (2023). GLES Cross-Section 2021, Post-Election (ZA7701; Version 2.1.0) [Data set]. GESIS, Cologne. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14169
  3. 2017, GLES (2019). Post-election Cross Section (GLES 2017) (ZA6801; Version 4.0.1) [Data set]. GESIS, Cologne. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13235
  4. 2013, GLES (2019). Post-election Cross Section (GLES 2013) (ZA5701; Version 3.0.1) [Data set]. GESIS, Cologne. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13232
  5. 2009, GLES (2019). Post-election Cross Section (GLES 2009) (ZA5301; Version 4.0.2) [Data set]. GESIS, Cologne. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13229